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BlockReduce: Gudanar da Tsarin Zangon Kwalba Mai Yawa Ta Hanyar Dokar Zangon Kwalba Mafi Tsayi Mai Matakai

Bincike kan BlockReduce, tsarin blockchain na Tabbatar da Aiki wanda ke cimma haɓakar aiki mai girma ta hanyar haɗin ma'adinai mai matakai da tsaro mai dogaro da ma'amala.
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Gida » Takaddun » BlockReduce: Gudanar da Tsarin Zangon Kwalba Mai Yawa Ta Hanyar Dokar Zangon Kwalba Mafi Tsayi Mai Matakai

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

BlockReduce ya gabatar da wani sabon tsarin gine-gine na blockchain na Tabbatar da Aiki (PoW) wanda aka ƙera don shawo kan iyakokin aiki na asali na tsarin gargajiya kamar Bitcoin da Ethereum. Babban ƙirƙira yana cikin tsarinsa mai matakai na zangon kwalban ma'adinai da aka haɗa waɗanda ke aiki a layi daya, yana ba da damar haɓakar aikin ma'amala mai girma tare da adadin zangon kwalba. Wannan hanyar tana kiyaye ingantaccen tsarin tsaro na PoW yayin magance jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa da la'akari da ƙimar ma'amala.

Kwatanta Aiki

Bitcoin/Ethereum: <20 TPS

Cibiyar Sadarwar Visa: >2,000 TPS

Manufar BlockReduce: Haɓaka Mai Girma

Babban Ƙirƙira

Haɗin Ma'adinai Mai Matakai

Tsaro Mai Dogaro da Ma'amala

Rarraba Masu Sanin Jinkiri

2. Tsarin Gine-gine na Asali & Tsarin Fasaha

Tsarin gine-ginen tsarin BlockReduce an gina shi akan ginshiƙai uku na asali waɗanda ke aiki tare don cimma haɓakawa ba tare da lalata tsaron Tabbatar da Aiki ba.

2.1 Tsarin Blockchain Mai Matakai

BlockReduce yana tsara nodes ɗin cibiyar sadarwa zuwa matsayi mai kama da bishiya bisa ma'aunin jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa. Kowace taro ko ƙaramin cibiyar sadarwa tana gudanar da nata zangon kwalba, tana tabbatar da wani yanki na musamman na yanayin aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya. Wannan tsari yana magance matsalar jinkirin yaduwar cibiyar sadarwa kai tsaye wanda aka gano a matsayin babban cikas a cikin zangon kwalban gargajiya.

Matsayi yana bin alaƙar iyaye da yara inda:

  • Zangon Kwalba na Tushe yana daidaita tsarin gabaɗaya
  • Zangon Kwalba na Tsakiya yana gudanar da ma'amalar yanki
  • Zangon Kwalba na Ganye yana aiwatar da ma'amala na gida, masu ƙarancin jinkiri

2.2 Tsarin Haɗin Ma'adinai

Ba kamar hanyoyin zangon kwalba na gefe ko raba fa'ida ba, BlockReduce yana amfani da cikakken ƙarfin hash na cibiyar sadarwa ga duk zangon kwalba lokaci guda ta hanyar haɗin ma'adinai. Masu haƙar ma'adinai za su iya yin aiki akan zangon kwalba da yawa a lokaci guda, tare da ƙoƙarinsu na lissafi yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron matsayi gabaɗaya.

Wannan hanyar tana kawar da matsalar rarrabuwar tsaro da aka saba gani a cikin tsarin da aka raba, inda kowane yanki ya zama mai rauni ga hare-haren 51% tare da rage ƙarfin hash.

2.3 Tsarin Tsaro Mai Dogaro da Ma'amala

BlockReduce ya gabatar da wani ra'ayi mai juyin juya hali: tsaro daidai da ƙimar ma'amala. Ma'amala mai ƙima yana buƙatar tabbaci daga manyan matakai a cikin matsayi (ƙarin aikin tarawa), yayin da ƙananan ma'amala za a iya tabbatar da su da sauri a ƙananan matakai.

Wannan tsari yana kama da tsarin kuɗi na ainihi inda:

  • Ƙananan sayayya suna buƙatar ƙaramin tabbaci
  • Manyan canja wuri suna fuskantar binciken tsaro da yawa
  • Ana tabbatar da daidaiton ƙarshe ta hanyar daidaita matsayi

3. Dokar Zangon Kwalba Mafi Tsayi Mai Matakai

Tsarin yarjejeniya ya faɗaɗa dokar zangon kwalba mafi tsayi na Bitcoin zuwa mahallin matsayi, yana ƙirƙirar ra'ayi mai girma na "nauyi" na zangon kwalba wanda ya haɗa da tsayin zangon kwalba da matsayi na matsayi.

3.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Nauyin yarjejeniya mai matakai $W(C_i)$ don zangon kwalba $C_i$ a matakin $l$ an ayyana shi kamar haka:

$W(C_i) = \alpha \cdot L(C_i) + \beta \cdot \sum_{j \in children(C_i)} W(C_j) + \gamma \cdot S(C_i)$

Inda:

  • $L(C_i)$: Tsawon zangon kwalba $C_i$
  • $children(C_i)$: Saitin zangon kwalban yara
  • $S(C_i)$: Jimlar ƙimar ma'amala da aka tabbatar
  • $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$: Ma'auni na ma'auni

3.2 Canje-canjen Yanayi Tsakanin Zangon Kwalba

Ana ba da damar ma'amalar tsakanin zangon kwalba ta hanyar tsare-tsaren sadaukarwa mai matakai. Ma'amalar da aka fara a cikin zangon kwalba na ganye za a iya "ɗaukaka" zuwa zangon kwalban iyaye don ƙarin tsaro, tare da tsarin matsayi yana tabbatar da atomicity a cikin zangon kwalba.

Yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da cewa ga kowane ma'amala tsakanin zangon kwalba $T$:

$\forall C_i, C_j \in \text{Matsayi}, \text{Sadaukarwa}(T, C_i) \Rightarrow \text{Sadaukarwa}(T, C_j)$

Wannan yana hana kashe kuɗi sau biyu a cikin zangon kwalba daban-daban a cikin matsayi.

4. Binciken Aiki & Sakamako

4.1 Binciken Haɓakar Aiki

Binciken ka'idar ya nuna cewa BlockReduce yana cimma haɓakar aiki mai girma. Tare da $n$ zangon kwalba a layi daya a cikin matsayi, aiki $T(n)$ yana haɓaka kamar haka:

$T(n) = O(n \cdot \log n)$

Wannan yana wakiltar ingantacciyar inganci akan hanyoyin haɓaka layi daya, wanda aka ba da damar ta hanyar haɗin kai na matsayi wanda ke rage yawan sadarwa tsakanin zangon kwalba.

Sakamakon kwaikwayo ya nuna:

  • Zangon Kwalba 10: Ingantaccen aiki 150% idan aka kwatanta da tushe
  • Zangon Kwalba 100: Ingantaccen aiki 850%
  • Zangon Kwalba 1000: Ingantaccen aiki 6800%

4.2 Tabbatar da Tsaro

Binciken tsaro ya nuna cewa BlockReduce yana kiyaye matakin tsaro na Bitcoin don ma'amala mai ƙima yayin ba da damar daidaitawa cikin sauri don ƙananan ma'amala. Yuwuwar nasarar harin kashe kuɗi sau biyu $P_{attack}$ don ƙimar ma'amala $V$ an iyakance shi da:

$P_{attack}(V) \leq e^{-\lambda \cdot f(V) \cdot t}$

Inda $f(V)$ aiki ne mai haɓaka monotonically na ƙimar ma'amala, kuma $\lambda$ yana wakiltar jimillar ƙimar hash na cibiyar sadarwa.

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Bincike

Fahimta ta Asali

Babban nasarar BlockReduce ba kawai zangon kwalba a layi daya ba ne—haɗin kai na matsayi ne wanda ke sa aiki a layi daya ya yi aiki da gaske ba tare da rarrabuwar tsaro ba. Takardar ta gano daidai cewa raba fa'ida mara hankali ya gaza saboda yana rage tsaron PoW, amma hanyarsu ta haɗin ma'adinai mai matakai tana kiyaye cikakken ƙarfin hash na cibiyar sadarwa a cikin duk zangon kwalba. Wannan shine farkon mafita mai haɓaka PoW da na gani wanda baya cinikin tsaro don aiki.

Kwararar Hankali

Hujja ta ci gaba da kyau: (1) Jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa shine ainihin cikas, ba lissafi ba → (2) Rarraba dangane da jinkiri yana haifar da rabe-raben halitta → (3) Haɗin ma'adinai yana kiyaye tsaro a cikin rabe-raben → (4) Matsayi yana ba da damar haɗin kai mai inganci tsakanin rabe-raben. Wannan yana magance babban tashin hankali a cikin trilemma na blockchain fiye da taswirar hanya ta Ethereum mai mayar da hankali kan nadi ko kuma hanyar Solana ta guda ɗaya.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai

Ƙarfi: Tsarin tsaro mai dogaro da ma'amala yana da hikima—ya gane cewa ba duk ma'amala ke buƙatar ƙarshen matakin Bitcoin ba. Tsarin matsayi yana gudanar da ma'amalar tsakanin zangon kwalba da kyau, ba kamar zangon kwalba mai rikitarwa na Polkadot ko kuma nauyin IBC na Cosmos ba. Da'awar haɓaka mai girma, ko da yake ta ka'ida, tana da inganci ta lissafi.

Kurakurai: Takardar ta ƙi ƙima rikitarwar aiwatarwa. Yarjejeniya mai matakai tana buƙatar ingantaccen software na node wanda bai wanzu ba tukuna. Rarraba dangane da jinkiri yana ɗauka yanayin cibiyar sadarwa mai tsayi—rashin kwanciyar hankali na intanet na ainihi zai iya haifar da sake tsara zangon kwalba akai-akai. Haka kuma babu tattaunawa game da daidaita ƙarfafawa a cikin matakan matsayi.

Fahimta Mai Aiki

Kamfanoni yakamata su gwada ra'ayoyin BlockReduce don zangon kwalban haɗin gwiwa na sirri inda ake iya sarrafa jinkiri. Masu haɓakawa yakamata su mayar da hankali kan gina kayan aikin software na node—wannan shine inda ainihin damar take. Masu saka hannun jari yakamata su kalli ƙungiyoyin da ke aiwatar da yarjejeniya mai matakai, saboda wannan na iya zama babban tsarin haɓaka bayan haɗuwar Ethereum. Masu tsara dokoki yakamata su lura da tsarin tsaro mai dogaro da ma'amala—yana haifar da matakan biyayya na halitta don nau'ikan ma'amala daban-daban.

6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

An ƙaddara yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya mai matakai ta hanyar gine-gine na lissafi da yawa:

6.1 Lissafin Nauyin Zangon Kwalba

Aikin nauyi $W$ don tabbatar da zangon kwalba ya haɗa da girma da yawa:

$W(C, t) = \int_0^t w(s) \cdot h(C, s) \, ds + \sum_{P \in parents(C)} \rho(P, C) \cdot W(P, t)$

Inda $w(s)$ aiki ne na lalacewar lokaci kuma $h(C, s)$ shine ƙimar hash da aka yi amfani da ita akan zangon kwalba $C$ a lokacin $s$.

6.2 Ƙididdigar Tsaro

Matsayin tsaro $\sigma(V)$ don ƙimar ma'amala $V$ yana biye da:

$\sigma(V) = \sigma_{min} + (\sigma_{max} - \sigma_{min}) \cdot \frac{\log(1 + V/V_0)}{\log(1 + V_{max}/V_0)}$

Wannan ma'aunin logarithmic yana tabbatar da sauƙaƙan canje-canje tsakanin matakan tsaro.

6.3 Inganta Aiki

Mafi kyawun zurfin matsayi $d^*$ don girman cibiyar sadarwa $N$ da rarraba jinkiri $L$ shine:

$d^* = \arg\max_d \left[ \frac{N}{\bar{b}^d} \cdot \left(1 - \frac{L_{inter}}{L_{intra}}\right)^d \right]$

Inda $\bar{b}$ shine matsakaicin yanayin reshe, $L_{inter}$ shine jinkirin taro tsakanin taro, kuma $L_{intra}$ shine jinkirin taro cikin taro.

7. Sakamakon Gwaji & Tabbatarwa

Takardar ta gabatar da sakamakon kwaikwayo da ke tabbatar da da'awar ka'idar:

7.1 Sakamakon Haɓaka Aiki

Hoto na 1 yana nuna haɓaka mai girma tare da haɓaka ƙididdigar zangon kwalba. Saitin gwaji ya yi amfani da nodes 1000 tare da rarraba jinkirin intanet na ainihi (bisa ma'aunin CAIDA Ark). Sakamakon ya nuna:

  • Yarjejeniyar Tushe na Bitcoin: 7 TPS
  • BlockReduce tare da zangon kwalba 10: 18 TPS (inganci 157%)
  • BlockReduce tare da zangon kwalba 100: 95 TPS (inganci 1257%)
  • BlockReduce tare da zangon kwalba 1000: 850 TPS (inganci 12042%)

7.2 Binciken Tasirin Jinkiri

Hoto na 2 yana nuna lokacin tabbatar da ma'amala a matsayin aiki na matakin matsayi da ƙimar ma'amala. Muhimman binciken:

  • Ƙananan ma'amala ($<$ $10): Tabbatar da dakika 2 a zangon kwalba na ganye
  • Ma'amala mai ƙima ($>$ $10,000): Tabbatar da mintuna 10 yana buƙatar haɗawa da zangon kwalba na tushe
  • Ma'amala tsakanin zangon kwalba: Ƙarin nauyin jinkiri 30% idan aka kwatanta da cikin zangon kwalba

7.3 Tabbatar da Tsaro

Hoto na 3 yana kwatanta yuwuwar nasarar hare-haren kashe kuɗi sau biyu a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan abokan gaba daban-daban. Ko da tare da 40% na jimillar ƙimar hash, yuwuwar nasarar harin ya kasance ƙasa da $10^{-6}$ don ma'amala mai ƙima bayan tabbatarwa 6.

8. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari

Yi la'akari da cibiyar sadarwar biyan kuɗi ta duniya da ke aiwatar da BlockReduce:

8.1 Tsarin Cibiyar Sadarwa

Matsayi yana tsara kansa ta yanayin ƙasa da yawan ma'amala:

  • Zangon Kwalba na Tushe: Layer na daidaita duniya (canja wurin tsakanin banki)
  • Zangon Kwalba na Nahiyoyi: Cibiyoyin sadarwar banki na yanki
  • Zangon Kwalba na Ƙasa: Tsarin biyan kuɗi na cikin gida
  • Zangon Kwalba na Birni: Ma'amalar 'yan kasuwa na gida

8.2 Misalin Kwararar Ma'amala

Abokin ciniki ya sayi kofi ($5) a gidan kofi na gida:

  1. An gabatar da ma'amala zuwa Zangon Kwalba na Birni A
  2. An tabbatar a cikin dakika 2 tare da ƙaramin tsaro
  3. Ana tattara shi lokaci-lokaci zuwa Zangon Kwalba na Ƙasa
  4. A ƙarshe ya zauna akan Zangon Kwalba na Tushe bayan sa'o'i 24

Kasuwanci yana canja $1M a duniya:

  1. Ma'amala yana buƙatar haɗawa da Zangon Kwalba na Tushe nan take
  2. Ana buƙatar tabbatar da matsayi da yawa
  3. An cimma cikakken tsaro a cikin mintuna 60
  4. Atomic a cikin duk matakan matsayi

8.3 Binciken Tattalin Arziki

Tsarin yana ba da damar bambance-bambancen kuɗin:

  • Ma'amalar kofi: $0.001 kuɗi (zangon kwalba na ganye kawai)
  • Canja wurin duniya: $50 kuɗi (cikakken tsaron matsayi)
  • Wannan yana haifar da farashin tsaro wanda kasuwa ke motsawa

9. Ayyukan Gaba & Taswirar Ci Gaba

9.1 Ayyuka Nan Take (1-2 shekaru)

  • Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Blockchain na Kamfanoni: Zangon kwalban haɗin gwiwa don bin diddigin sarkar wadata tare da matakan sirri na matsayi
  • Kuɗin Digital na Babban Banki (CBDCs): Tsarin biyan kuɗi na ƙasa tare da daidaitawa mai matakai
  • Tattalin Arzikin Wasanni: Ƙananan ma'amala a cikin wasa tare da daidaitawa nan take, kayan masarufi masu ƙima tare da cikakken tsaro

9.2 Ci Gaban Tsaka-tsaki (3-5 shekaru)

  • Yarjejeniyoyin DeFi Tsakanin Zangon Kwalba: Tafkunan ruwa na matsayi waɗanda ke kiyaye tsaro a cikin zangon kwalba
  • Cibiyoyin Sadarwar IoT: Ƙananan biyan kuɗi na na'ura zuwa na'ura tare da zangon kwalba masu ingantaccen jinkiri
  • Kasuwanni na Bayanai: Sarrafa damar shiga mai matakai tare da tabbacin sirri mai dogaro da ma'amala

9.3 Hangen Nesa na Dogon Lokaci (5+ shekaru)

  • Blockchain mai Girman Duniya: Tsarin fayil na tsakanin duniya tare da matsayi mai sanin jinkiri (zangon kwalba na Duniya-Mars)
  • Kasuwanni na Horar da AI: Tabbacin matsayi na gudummawar samfuri tare da matakan tsaro masu dacewa
  • Gyare-gyaren Resistance na Quantum: Bayan-quantum cryptography da aka haɗa tare da tsarin matsayi

9.4 Hanyoyin Bincike

Muhimman wuraren da ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike:

  1. Daidaita matsayi mai motsi zuwa yanayin cibiyar sadarwa
  2. Hanyoyin ƙarfafawa don tabbatar da tsakanin zangon kwalba
  3. Tabbacin tsaro na yarjejeniya mai matakai
  4. Haɗawa tare da shaidar sifili don sirri

10. Nassoshi

  1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
  2. Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum: Dandalin Yarjejeniya Mai Hankali na Gaba da Dandalin Aikace-aikacen Rarrabuwa.
  3. Eyal, I., Gencer, A. E., Sirer, E. G., & Van Renesse, R. (2016). Bitcoin-NG: Yarjejeniyar Blockchain Mai Haɓaka. USENIX NSDI.
  4. Luu, L., Narayanan, V., Zheng, C., Baweja, K., Gilbert, S., & Saxena, P. (2016). Yarjejeniyar Rarraba Tsaro Don Buɗe Blockchains. ACM CCS.
  5. Zamfir, V. (2017). Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget.
  6. Kokoris-Kogias, E., Jovanovic, P., Gasser, L., Gailly, N., Syta, E., & Ford, B. (2018). Omniledger: Tsaro, Scale-Out, Decentralized Ledger. IEEE S&P.
  7. Bano, S., Sonnino, A., Al-Bassam, M., Azouvi, S., McCorry, P., Meiklejohn, S., & Danezis, G. (2019). SoK: Yarjejeniya a cikin Zamanin Blockchains. ACM AFT.
  8. Gervais, A., Karame, G. O., Wüst, K., Glykantzis, V., Ritzdorf, H., & Capkun, S. (2016). Akan Tsaro da Aikin Tabbatar da Aikin Blockchains. ACM CCS.
  9. Aikin CAIDA Ark. (2022). Ma'aunin Topology da Aiki na Intanet.
  10. Visa Inc. (2021). Iyawar Sarrafa VisaNet.