Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Gabatarwa
Bitcoin, duk da cewa ta mamaye kasuwar jari, tana fama da ƙayyadaddun iyawar shirye-shirye saboda ƙuntataccen yaren rubutun ta. Wannan takarda tana magance ƙalubalen kunna cikakkun kwangiloli masu wayo don Bitcoin ta hanyar amfani da shingen Intanet Kwamfuta (IC). Tsarin da aka gabatar yana ƙetare hanyoyin gadaji na gargajiya masu rauni, da nufin samar da amintaccen, ingantaccen, kuma kai tsaye damar shiga darajar Bitcoin ta hanyar shirye-shirye.
Babban dalili ya samo asali ne daga rashin iyawar hanyoyin da suke akwai—ko dai an gina su akan Bitcoin ko kuma ta amfani da gadaji—don cim ma tsaro, inganci, da cikakkun iyawar karantawa/rubutu a lokaci guda. Satar gadaji, wanda ya haifar da asarar sama da daruruwan miliyoyin daloli, ya nuna muhimmancin buƙatar hanyar da ta rage amincewa.
2. Bayyani Game da Tsarin Gine-gine
Tsarin gine-ginen yana ba da damar kwangiloli masu wayo na tushen IC (kwantuna) su yi hulɗa da cibiyar sadarwar Bitcoin ta asali. Injunan node na IC suna ɗaukar tubalan Bitcoin kai tsaye kuma suna wuce su ta cikin tarin ƙa'idodin ICP zuwa kwantin Bitcoin na musamman. Wannan kwanti yana aiki azaman tushen ingantacce kuma abin dogaro na yanayin shingen Bitcoin don sauran kwantuna akan IC.
Fahimta Mai Muhimmanci: Kawar da Filin Kai Hari na Gada
Mafi mahimmancin yanke shawara na tsarin gine-gine shine kawar da kowane gada na ɓangare na uku. Maimakon dogaro da wakili don tabbatar da yanayin Bitcoin, node na IC sun zama abokan ciniki masu sauƙi ko cikakkun node, suna samo bayanai kai tsaye daga cibiyar sadarwar abokan ciniki zuwa abokan ciniki na Bitcoin. Wannan yana rage filin kai hari zuwa zato na tsaro na tushen cibiyoyin sadarwar Bitcoin da IC da kansu.
2.1. Haɗa Kai Kai Tsaye da Gadaji
Gadajin ketare shinge na gargajiya suna aiki azaman masu kula da tsakiya ko rarrabuwa ko masu shaida. Suna gabatar da sabon zato na amincewa da maɓalli guda na gazawa. Hanyar DFINITY tana shigar da wannan aikin cikin tsari: ƙa'idar IC ita kanta ke da alhakin tabbatarwa da kammala bayanan Bitcoin. Wannan ya yi daidai da mafi girman ka'idar shingen blockchain na rage abubuwan da aka amince da su, ƙa'idar da aka jaddada a cikin aikin tushe akan tsaron tsarin rarrabuwa.
2.2. Kwantin Bitcoin & Gudanar da Yanayi
Kwantin tsarin akan IC, kwantin Bitcoin, yana kiyaye ingantaccen ɓangaren shingen blockchain na Bitcoin. Sauran kwantuna za su iya tambayar wannan kwanti don karanta yanayin Bitcoin (misali, tabbatar da ma'amala, saitin UTXO). Don rubutu, kwanti mai riƙe da bitcoins zai iya umurci injunan node na IC su sanya hannu kuma su watsa ma'amaloli a madadinsa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar Bitcoin, ta amfani da tsare-tsaren sa hannu na bakin haure don tsaro.
3. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
Babban ƙalubalen fasaha shine daidaita ƙarshen yiwuwar na Bitcoin da ƙarshen ƙayyadaddun na IC. IC tana amfani da hanyar yarjejeniya wanda ke ba da ƙarshe mai sauri. Haɗa Bitcoin yana buƙatar samfuri don sarrafa sake tsara sarkar.
Tsarin yana yiwuwa yana amfani da sigar zurfin tabbatarwa $k$. Ana ɗaukar ma'amalar Bitcoin a matsayin "an kammala" don dalilan IC da zarar an binne ta a ƙarƙashin tubalan $k$. Yiwuwar sake tsara mai zurfi fiye da tubalan $k$ ba shi da muhimmanci kuma yana raguwa da ƙari tare da $k$. Ana iya tsara tsaron kamar haka: $P_{\text{reorg}}(k) \approx \text{exp}(-\lambda k)$ inda $\lambda$ siga ce da ke da alaƙa da ƙarfin haƙon ma'adinai na gaskiya. Ana kulle sabunta yanayin kwantin IC akan wannan garanti na yiwuwar, ƙirƙirar samfurin ƙarshe na gauraye.
Ana amfani da sa hannun ECDSA na bakin haure don ba da damar saitin injunan node na IC na rarrabuwa su sarrafa maɓɓacin sirri na Bitcoin a madadin kwantuna. An rarraba ikon sa hannu, yana buƙatar bakin haure na node don haɗin gwiwa don sanya hannu kan ma'amala, yana hana maɓuɓɓuka guda na yin sulhu.
4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki
Takardar ta gabatar da sakamakon kimantawa daga tsarin da ke gudana akan babban cibiyar sadarwar IC.
Lokacin Kammalawa
~2-3 dakika
Don ƙarshen yanayin IC bayan tabbatar da ma'amalar Bitcoin.
Farashin Aiwa
Juzu'in cent
Farashi mai rahusa don aiwar kwangila mai wayo akan IC.
Tabbatar da Bitcoin
~ mintuna 10 + $k$
Ya dogara da lokacin tubalin Bitcoin da zurfin aminci.
Bayanin Jadawali: Jadawalin aikin da aka zayyana zai nuna layi biyu: 1) Jinkiri daga watsa ma'amalar Bitcoin zuwa sabunta yanayin kwantin IC, yana tsayawa bayan tabbatarwar Bitcoin $k$. 2) Farashin kowane aikin kwangila mai wayo akan IC, yana kasancewa da ƙananan oda fiye da aiwar dabaru masu sarƙaƙiya kai tsaye akan Bitcoin ta hanyoyin Maganin Layer 2.
Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙaƙƙarfan aikace-aikacen rarrabuwa (ƙa'idodin DeFi, ƙungiyoyin cin gashin kansu masu sarrafa baitul malin Bitcoin) sun zama masu amfani ta fuskar tattalin arziki, yayin da aka guje wa manyan farashi da jinkirin aiwa akan Bitcoin ko wasu hanyoyin da suka dogara da gada.
5. Bincike na Kwatankwaci & Ayyukan da suka danganci
Takardar ta sanya kanta a kan nau'ikan da yawa:
- Layer 2 na Bitcoin (misali, Lightning, RGB): Suna ba da biyan kuɗi mai sauri/arha amma ƙayyadaddun sarƙaƙiyar kwangila mai wayo kuma galibi suna buƙatar shiga aiki.
- Shingen gefe (misali, Rootstock, Stacks): Suna gabatar da nasu samfuran tsaro da yarjejeniya, galibi suna dogara da ƙungiyoyin tarayya ko haɗaɗɗun ma'adinai, suna ƙirƙirar zato na amincewa daban-daban.
- Kunshe da tushen Gada (misali, wBTC akan Ethereum): Suna buƙatar masu kula da amintattu ko ƙungiyoyin tarayya masu sa hannu da yawa, suna tsakaita haɗari kuma sun kasance abin kai hari akai-akai.
- Sauran Haɗa Kai Kai Tsaye: Takardar ta yi iƙirarin fifiko wajen samar da hanyar karantawa/rubutu kai tsaye ba tare da gadaji ba, sabanin hanyoyin da ƙila su ba da damar ƙugiya ta hanya ɗaya kawai ko rashin cikakkun iyawar rubutu kai tsaye.
6. Tsarin Bincike: Fahimta ta Asali & Zargi
7. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Ci gaba
Ayyukan Gajeren Lokaci:
- Kudaden Kafa na Bitcoin na Rarrabuwa: Kudaden kafa na asali, waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar algorithm waɗanda aka yi musu haɗari ta hanyar Bitcoin da aka riƙe a cikin kwantunan IC, ba tare da mai fitarwa na tsakiya ba.
- Gudanar da Baitul Mali akan Sarkar: DAOs na iya sarrafa baitul malin Bitcoin ta hanyar shirye-shirye tare da ƙa'idodin sa hannu da yawa, saka hannun jari ta atomatik, ko tallafin da aka biya a cikin BTC.
- DeFi na Asalin Bitcoin: Ƙa'idodin bashi inda Bitcoin shine babban abin haɗari, kuma farashin rance/bashi ana ƙaddara su ta hanyar dabaru akan sarkar.
Hanyoyin Fasaha na Gaba:
- Ingancin Abokin Ciniki Mai Sauƙi: Inganta abokin ciniki na Bitcoin a cikin node na IC don amfani da hujjoji masu sauƙi kamar FlyClient don rage bandeji da kayan ajiya.
- Haɗa Kai na Sarka da Yawa: Tsawaita samfurin tsarin gine-ginen don haɗa wasu sarkoki tare da samfuran tsaro masu ƙarfi (misali, Ethereum bayan Haɗuwa), sanya IC a matsayin "cibiya" mai aminci don lissafin ketare sarkar.
- Hujjoji na Sifili-Sani don Sirri: Haɗa zk-SNARKs don ba da damar hulɗar sirri tare da yanayin Bitcoin (misali, tabbatar da mallakar UTXO ba tare da bayyana wanne ba).
- Hulɗar Kwangila Mai Kulle Lokaci: Amfani da opcodes na rubutun asali na Bitcoin kamar `CLTV` da `CSV` daga kwantunan IC don ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyoyin lokaci masu sarƙaƙi na ketare sarkar.
8. Nassoshi
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Abokan Ciniki zuwa Abokan Ciniki.
- Zamyatin, A., da sauransu. (2021). SoK: Sadarwa Tsakanin Rubutun Rarrabuwa. Kuɗin Sirri da Tsaron Bayanai.
- Bonneau, J., da sauransu. (2015). SoK: Ra'ayoyin Bincike da Ƙalubale don Bitcoin da Cryptocurrencies. Taron IEEE akan Tsaro da Sirri.
- Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Bincike na Cryptologic (IACR). (2023). Ci gaba a cikin Cryptography na Bakin Haure - Tarihin Eurocrypt.
- Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum: Dandalin Kwangila Mai wayo na Gaba da Dandalin Aikace-aikacen Rarrabuwa.
- Lewis, G. (2022). Annobar Satar Gada: Bincike na Haɗari na Tsarin. Jaridar Tsaro da Blockchain.
- DFINITY. (2024). Bayanin Fasaha na Tsarin Ƙa'idodin Intanet Kwamfuta. (Takaddun Hukuma).
Fahimta ta Asali
DFINITY ba kawai suna gina gada mafi kyau ba; suna ƙoƙarin sha Bitcoin a matsayin module cikin yanayin aiwa na IC. Ainihin ƙirƙira ita ce ɗaukar shingen blockchain na Bitcoin a matsayin Layer na samuwar bayanai mai sauƙi, amintacce, yayin da ake fitar da duk ƙaƙƙarfan lissafi da sarrafa yanayi zuwa IC. Wannan yana jujjuya rubutun: maimakon sanya Bitcoin ya zama mai wayo, suna sanya dandalin kwangila mai wayo ya san Bitcoin ta asali. Wannan sanarwa ce mai ma'ana cewa ainihin darajar Bitcoin ita ce tsarinta da garanti na sasantawa, ba lokacin gudanarwa ba.
Kwararar Hankali
Hankali yana da ban sha'awa amma ya dogara da ciniki mai mahimmanci: kuna musanya haɗarin gada da haɗarin sarƙaƙiyar ƙa'ida. Samfurin tsaro yanzu ya dogara da daidaiton haɗin kai na Bitcoin na IC—wani babban, sabon, kuma ɓangaren da ba a bincika ba a cikin Layer na yarjejeniya na IC. Kura a nan na iya zama bala'i. Duk da yake gadaji abubuwan da aka fi sani ne, wannan sarƙaƙiyar haɗin kai haɗari ne mai sauƙi, na tsarin. Takardar ta yi watsi da wannan ta hanyar roƙon tsaron IC gabaɗaya, amma kamar yadda satar DAO akan Ethereum ta tabbatar, dandamalin kwangiloli masu wayo ba su da kariya daga kurakuran hankali a cikin aikace-aikacen su na asali.
Ƙarfi & Aibobi
Ƙarfi: Kawar da gadaji na waje nasara ce mai girma ta tsaro. Ma'aunin aiki (sauri, farashi) suna da ban sha'awa gaske don amfani da su kuma suna rushe hujjar tattalin arziki don kwangilolin Bitcoin akan sarkar. Yana ba da damar sabon sararin ƙira don DeFi akan ruwa da Bitcoin.
Aibobi: Tsarin gine-ginen ya gaji jinkirin Bitcoin don sasantawa na gaskiya. Jira na mintuna 10 (+ zurfin tabbatarwa) don ƙarshe na gaskiya abin ƙyama ne ga DeFi na ainihin lokaci. Hakanan yana haifar da dogaro da rayuwa akan IC. Idan IC ta tsaya, haka ma damar shiga Bitcoin ɗin ku da aka haɗa. Wannan wani nau'i ne na kulle mai siyar da kayayyaki fiye da gada. Bugu da ƙari, dogaro akan ECDSA na bakin haure, duk da cewa yana ci gaba, yana ƙara sarƙaƙiyar sirri wanda tsaron sa na dogon lokaci har yanzu ana bincikansa ta al'ummar ilimi, kamar yadda aka lura a cikin wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Bincike na Cryptologic (IACR).
Fahimta Mai Aiki
Ga masu haɓakawa: Wannan fili ne mai kore. Fara gina DeFi na Bitcoin mai sarƙaƙi (bashi, zaɓuɓɓuka, dabarun yawan amfanin ƙasa) waɗanda ba su yiwu a baya. Mayar da hankali kan aikace-aikacen inda jinkirin sasantawa na ~mintuna 10 ya yarda (misali, sarrafa baitul mali, biyan albashi da aka tsara).
Ga masu saka hannun jari & ƙa'idodi: Ku ɗauki wannan a matsayin babban yuwuwar, babbar caca ta gwaji. Ku rarraba cikin dabarun shiga Bitcoin da yawa. Labarin "babu gada" yana da ƙarfi don tallan tsaro, amma ku gudanar da cikakken bincike na fasaha akan aiwar abokin ciniki na Bitcoin na IC.
Ga masu bincike: Samfurin ƙarshe na gauraye yana cikin girma don bincike na yau da kullun. Haɓaka tsare-tsare don ƙididdige ainihin asarar tsaro lokacin haɗa sarkar yiwuwar (Bitcoin) da ƙayyadaddun (IC). Wannan aikin zai iya amfana daga amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan tsare-tsaren haɗin kai da ake amfani da su wajen bincika sauran hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar shingen blockchain.